4 In compassion to mankind
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چکیده
Opium the "keystone" of empire in Asia The years between 1780 and 1842 were formative years for the opium trade. They were also the formative years of the British Empire. The opium agriculture in India changed from an informally cultivated cash crop to a centralized, systematized state-run industry. Before the Battle of Plassey, opium had probably served to provide a small buffer of cash for the peasant or was carried on at the demand of the landlord. Already by 1780, cultivation in Bihar and Benares was regulated and controlled. It was produced under a government monopoly, and it remained as such into the early twentieth century. Opium made the same transition earlier accomplished by sugar and tobacco, from an exotic chemical to a fully "capitalist" drug commodity. At the downstream end, opium trading became, not only the major concern of the empire's businessmen, but,also the most closely managed and well-financed enterprise in the European-run parts of Asia. It had, moreover, begun to lay the foundation for a truly mass market of consumers.
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